Glucagon

Glucagon — ADMETatlas

Structure and chemistry interpretation

Chemical representationsequence / HELM only

Representation class

How the current release can interpret this identity chemically.

plain sequence-like

Parent-residue sequence

Residue string used for positional interpretation when available.

HSQGTFTSDYSKYLDSRRAQDFVQWLMNT

HELM

Polymer notation for modified peptide representation when available.

Not available

SMILES

Chemical graph string used for atom-level 2D depiction when available.

Not available

No atom-level graph

A reviewed SMILES is required before a 2D molecular depiction can be shown. Sequence and HELM remain useful for identity interpretation, but they do not replace a chemical graph.

3D structure references11 references

Structure reference·

3D coordinates·Sequence matchexperimental

Sequence match·reference selected·identity 100.0%·confidence experimental

Link

Covalent topology & modificationsnone

No explicit topology annotation

No disulfide, staple, coordination, other cross-link, or residue-level modification annotation is attached to this peptide in the current release.

Interpretation: A 2D graph describes connectivity, not conformation. A 3D reference describes one coordinate model or solved state, not the full ensemble. ADMET interpretation should account for peptidoform, topology, and assay context together.

Computed descriptors

Core descriptors29 aa · pI 7.5 · GRAVY -0.99

Length: 29 aa
Monoisotopic mass: 3480.62 Da
Average mass: 3482.79 Da
Net charge at pH 7.4: 0.10
Estimated pI: 7.53
GRAVY: -0.990
KD-positive residues: 24.1%
Aromatic residues: 17.2%

Developability interpretation

Ionization context: pH 7.4 close to pI
Hydrophobicity balance: Leans hydrophilic
Amphipathic moment (μH): 0.50
Computation boundary: Standard-sequence only

Charge & residue composition

pH charge context

Modeled net charge across common formulation and assay pH checkpoints.

pH 2

4.94

pH 5

1.23

pH 6

0.78

pH 7.4

Hydropathy & amphipathic windows

Hydropathy windows

Seven-residue sliding windows expose local patches hidden by whole-sequence GRAVY.

Most hydrophobic window

21-27

DFVQWLM

GRAVY 0.686

Most hydrophilic window

15-21

DSRRAQD

GRAVY -2.643

23 local hydropathy windows scanned. A local patch is context for solubility, adsorption, and membrane interaction review, not a standalone endpoint.

Amphipathic-window scan

Top alpha-helix hydrophobic-moment windows across 12, 15, 18, and 21 residues.

Sequence-liability cues

Sequence-liability notes

Motifs are review prompts for formulation or CMC interpretation; they are not degradation predictions.

Asn deamidation motif

NT · pos 28

Asn followed by small/polar residues is a known sequence context to review for deamidation susceptibility.

Asp isomerization motif

DS · pos 15

Asp-containing motifs can merit review for isomerization or related degradation pathways.

Oxidation-sensitive residues

M, W · pos 25, 27

Met, Trp, and Cys residues can merit formulation review for oxidation or covalent-state sensitivity.

Alpha-helix amphipathic projection

Helical wheel · Edmundson projection

μ_H = 0.50100°/residue · 29 aa

Method notes

Charge model: side-chain pKa D 3.9, E 4.1, C 8.5, Y 10.1, H 6.5, K 10.8, R 12.5 with EMBOSS termini. pI is estimated by binary search on modeled net charge. Hydropathy uses Kyte-Doolittle values; hydrophobic moment follows the Eisenberg alpha-helix vector-sum convention. When the basis is a parent-residue sequence, modified chemistry is intentionally not inferred.

5. Exposure / Absorption

What evidence describes systemic exposure or absorption?

Evidence summary

Measurements

Measurements, observations, and support attached to this domain.

Endpoint scope

Formal ADMET endpoints represented for this peptide.

Comparable measurements

Rows suitable for comparison only within matching endpoint and assay context.

Reported observations

Reviewed observations retained without being collapsed into comparable values.

Domain scope

Endpoints define the scientific questions in this domain; the measurements below carry the values and assay context.

Cmax Tmax Bioavailability AUC

Bioavailability, AUC, Cmax, and Tmax evidence.

Evidence interpretation

Evidence by endpoint

Rows are grouped by endpoint so value, assay context, interpretation layer, and reference can be checked in place.

Bioavailability1 measurement · 1 comparable · 0 reported · 0 contextual

#	Value	Evidence layer	Assay / model	Condition	Reference
1	16 %	Comparable	Population PK/PD model manual extraction from peer-reviewed article · human · serum	Route: intranasal	Open

AUC

Interpretation: Exposure and absorption values should be compared only within matching route, dose, matrix, population, and unit context.

6. Distribution / Barrier

What is known about distribution, binding, permeability, or barrier crossing?

Evidence summary

Measurements

Measurements, observations, and support attached to this domain.

Endpoint scope

Formal ADMET endpoints represented for this peptide.

Comparable measurements

Rows suitable for comparison only within matching endpoint and assay context.

Reported observations

Reviewed observations retained without being collapsed into comparable values.

Domain scope

Endpoints define the scientific questions in this domain; the measurements below carry the values and assay context.

Vd Plasma protein binding

Distribution volume, plasma protein binding, permeability, and BBB penetration evidence.

Evidence interpretation

The same three research-facing layers are used across ADMETatlas.

Evidence by endpoint

Rows are grouped by endpoint so value, assay context, interpretation layer, and reference can be checked in place.

Vd4 measurements · 4 comparable · 0 reported · 0 contextual

#	Value	Evidence layer	Assay / model	Condition	Reference
1	0.25 L/kg	Comparable	curated therapeutic product PK entry	Route: Official label support for glucagon mean volume of distribution.	Open
2	~ 885 L	Comparable	DailyMed SPL 12.3 Pharmacokinetics label extraction · human	Glucagon· 12.3 Pharmacokinetics · volume of distribution single · Distribution The appare...	Open
3	137-2425 L	Comparable	DailyMed SPL 12.3 Pharmacokinetics label extraction · human	Route: subcutaneous · Glucagon· 12.3 Pharmacokinetics · volume of distribution hyphen range · Time After Subcut...	Open
4	0.25 L/kg	Comparable	DailyMed SPL 12.3 Pharmacokinetics label extraction · human · serum	Route: subcutaneous · Glucagon· 12.3 Pharmacokinetics · volume of distribution single · Figure 2 Mean (SE) seru...	Open

Barrier and permeability assay context

PAMPA, Caco-2, MDCK/RRCK, and BBB findings are assay/model contexts under Distribution / Barrier. They should not be read as interchangeable measurements.

PAMPA

artificial membrane

Caco-2

cell monolayer

MDCK

cell monolayer

RRCK

Interpretation: Distribution, protein binding, PAMPA, cell-monolayer, and BBB evidence are not interchangeable without matching assay/model context.

7. Metabolic & Proteolytic Stability

How stable is the peptide in biological matrices or protease systems?

Evidence summary

Measurements

Measurements, observations, and support attached to this domain.

Endpoint scope

Formal ADMET endpoints represented for this peptide.

Comparable measurements

Rows suitable for comparison only within matching endpoint and assay context.

Reported observations

Reviewed observations retained without being collapsed into comparable values.

Domain scope

Endpoints define the scientific questions in this domain; the measurements below carry the values and assay context.

Serum/plasma stability

Serum/plasma stability and protease stability evidence.

Evidence interpretation

The same three research-facing layers are used across ADMETatlas.

Comparable measurements

Evidence by endpoint

Rows are grouped by endpoint so value, assay context, interpretation layer, and reference can be checked in place.

Serum/plasma stability3 measurements · 3 comparable · 0 reported · 0 contextual

#	Value	Evidence layer	Assay / model	Condition	Reference
1	< 10 minutes < 600 seconds	Comparable	ELISA · human · Human serum	Human blood proteases · in vitro	Open
2	9 hours 32400 seconds	Comparable	ELISA · monkey · Monkey plasma (Subcutaneous)	Dose/window: 12 nmol/kg · Monkey blood proteases · in vivo	Open
3	3.2 Minutes 192 seconds	Comparable	RIA · rat · Surgical rats plasma (Wistar rat)	Route: IV · Dose/window: 30 nmol/ml · Time: A total of 19 other samples were taken at the following time points from the beginning of peptide infusion: 0... · Surgical rats plasma protease (Wistar Rat) · In Vivo	Open

Interpretation: In vitro stability, protease stability, and percent-remaining measurements are not collapsed into one value.

8. Excretion / Persistence

What evidence describes clearance or persistence?

Evidence summary

Measurements

Measurements, observations, and support attached to this domain.

Endpoint scope

Formal ADMET endpoints represented for this peptide.

Comparable measurements

Rows suitable for comparison only within matching endpoint and assay context.

Reported observations

Reviewed observations retained without being collapsed into comparable values.

Domain scope

Endpoints define the scientific questions in this domain; the measurements below carry the values and assay context.

Half Life Clearance

Clearance and half-life evidence.

Evidence interpretation

The same three research-facing layers are used across ADMETatlas.

Evidence by endpoint

Rows are grouped by endpoint so value, assay context, interpretation layer, and reference can be checked in place.

Clearance2 measurements · 2 comparable · 0 reported · 0 contextual

#	Value	Evidence layer	Assay / model	Condition	Reference
1	13.5 mL/min/kg	Comparable	curated therapeutic product PK entry	Route: Official label support for glucagon mean clearance.	Open
2	13.5 mL/min/kg	Comparable	DailyMed SPL 12.3 Pharmacokinetics label extraction · human	Glucagon· 12.3 Pharmacokinetics · clearance single · Elimination The mean clearance was 1...	Open

Interpretation: Clearance and half-life require route, matrix, species/population, and time-scale context before comparison.

Evidence landscape and measurement index

Evidence landscape

A cross-domain view of where evidence is concentrated, which interpretation layers dominate, and how traceable the measurements are.

ADMET domain

Comparable

Reported

Contextual

Exposure / Absorption

16 measurements

Distribution / Barrier

5 measurements

Metabolic & Proteolytic Stability

3 measurements

Excretion / Persistence

6 measurements

Toxicity / Safety

0 measurements

Endpoint distribution

Top evidence-bearing endpoint questions.

Max Concentration

Time To Max Concentration

Half Life

Volume Of Distribution

Serum Plasma Stability

Clearance

Area Under Curve

Bioavailability

Assay context

Broad context buckets, useful before comparing values.

In vivo / route

Clinical / product

Matrix / stability

Traceability

Reference-link availability for measurement-level audit.

Linked reference

Not linked

All evidence index

Every measurement remains available for audit and drilldown. Counts describe evidence volume, not confidence.

DomainLayerReferenceSpeciesMatrixRoute

#	ADMET domain	Endpoint	Reported value	Evidence layer	Assay / model	Condition	Reference
1	Metabolic & Proteolytic Stability Stability	Serum Plasma Stability	9 hours 32,400 seconds	Comparable	ELISA · monkey · Monkey plasma (Subcutaneous)	Dose/window: 12 nmol/kg · Protease: Monkey blood proteases · in vivo	Open
2	Excretion / Persistence Persistence	Half Life	< 10 minutes < 600 seconds	Comparable	natural	in vivo	Open
3	Excretion / Persistence Persistence	Half Life	4.01 ± 1.19 Minutes 240.6 seconds	Comparable	Two site ELISA · human · Human male blood sample	Route: IV · Time: 1 day · Dose/window: 0.65 ng/kg/min from 1100 (120 min) till the end of the study at 1400 (300 min) · Protease: Human male blood protease · In Vivo	Open
4	Excretion / Persistence Persistence	Half Life	3.96 ± 1.12 Minutes 237.6 seconds	Comparable	Two site ELISA · human · Human blood sample (All)	Route: IV · Time: 1 day · Dose/window: 0.65 ng/kg/min from 1100 (120 min) till the end of the study at 1400 (300 min) · Protease: Human blood protease (All) · In Vivo	Open
5	Excretion / Persistence Persistence	Half Life	3.94 ± 1.10 Minutes 236.4 seconds	Comparable	Two site ELISA · human · Human female blood sample	Route: IV · Time: 1 day · Dose/window: 0.65 ng/kg/min from 1100 (120 min) till the end of the study at 1400 (300 min) · Protease: Human female blood protease · In Vivo	Open
6	Metabolic & Proteolytic Stability Stability	Serum Plasma Stability	< 10 minutes < 600 seconds	Comparable	ELISA · human · Human serum	Protease: Human blood proteases · in vitro	Open
7	Metabolic & Proteolytic Stability Stability	Serum Plasma Stability	3.2 Minutes 192 seconds	Comparable	RIA · rat · Surgical rats plasma (Wistar rat)	Route: IV · Time: A total of 19 other samples were taken at the following time points from the beginning of peptide infusion: 0, 30, 35, 40, 45,50, 55, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 75, 80, 85, 9...	Open
8	Excretion / Persistence Persistence	Clearance	13.5 mL/min/kg	Comparable	curated therapeutic product PK entry	Route: Official label support for glucagon mean clearance. · Official label support for glucagon mean clearance.	Open
9	Distribution / Barrier Distribution	Volume Of Distribution	0.25 L/kg	Comparable	curated therapeutic product PK entry	Route: Official label support for glucagon mean volume of distribution. · Official label support for glucagon mean volume of distribution.	Open
10	Distribution / Barrier Distribution	Plasma Protein Binding	Observation No binding	Contextual	PepTherDia curated product PK field · plasma protein	Route: IV, IM, SC, NASAL	Open

1–10 / 30

Identity & reference map

Summary9 reference groups

Identity type: canonical sequence
Reported notation: 1
Reference groups: 9
Measurements: 30
ATL peptide ID: ATLPC0002714

Identity concordance

Exact reported notation

Reported sequence string matches the current peptide notation.

8 / 8

Parent-residue compatible

Reported notation differs, but resolves to the same parent-residue display.

0 / 8

Different notation

Reported notation does not resolve to the current display sequence.

0 / 8

Reference map9 of 9 shown

Reference map

Grouped by reference link, with endpoint scope and reported identity kept visible.

Reference	Supports	Reported identity	Records
Reference link Open	DistributionExposure Max Concentration, Plasma Protein Binding, Time To Max Concentration	No reported alias	0 identity 7 evidence
PubMed 20418955 Open	PersistenceStability Half Life, Serum Plasma Stability	No reported alias HSQGTFTSDYSKYLDSRRAQDFVQWLMNTexact	3 identity 3 evidence
PubMed 33135460 Open	Persistence Half Life	No reported alias HSQGTFTSDYSKYLDSRRAQDFVQWLMNTexact	3 identity 3 evidence
Reference link Open	DistributionExposurePersistence Clearance, Max Concentration, Time To Max Concentration, Volume Of Distribution	No reported alias	0 identity 6 evidence
Reference link Open	DistributionExposure Area Under Curve, Max Concentration, Time To Max Concentration, Volume Of Distribution	No reported alias	0 identity 4 evidence
Reference link Open	DistributionPersistence Clearance, Volume Of Distribution	No reported alias HSQGTFTSDYSKYLDSRRAQDFVQWLMNTexact	1 identity 2 evidence
Reference link Open	DistributionExposure Max Concentration, Time To Max Concentration, Volume Of Distribution	No reported alias	0 identity 3 evidence
PubMed 27689406 Open	Stability Serum Plasma Stability	No reported alias HSQGTFTSDYSKYLDSRRAQDFVQWLMNTexact	1 identity 1 evidence
PubMed 38736200 Open	Exposure Bioavailability	No reported alias	0 identity 1 evidence

Interpretation: Reference links and reported notations help confirm that measurements point to the same peptide identity or a compatible peptidoform. ADMET interpretation still belongs to the endpoint modules above, where assay/model and condition context are shown with each measurement.

Data access & reproducibility

Record scopePublic release

ATL peptide ID: ATLPC0002714
Identity type: canonical sequence
ADMET endpoints: 9
Measurements: 30
Reference groups: 9
Release view: Public release

Analysis-ready files

Peptide record

TSV

Identity, sequence, profile-level fields, and current release view metadata.

Download record

Programmatic access

The request returns the same structured peptide record used by this profile. Measurement downloads use the same peptide identifier and public release visibility.

Open endpoint

GET /api/v1/peptides/ATLPC0002714

open

curl -sS 'https://admetatlas.scbdd.com/api/v1/peptides/ATLPC0002714' \
  -H 'accept: application/json' \
  -H 'X-Visibility: public_release'

Interpretation: Use these files as the reproducible data package for this peptide profile. Cross-peptide comparison still depends on compatible endpoints, assays, species or model systems, route, dose, matrix, and evidence layer.

#	Value	Evidence layer	Assay / model	Condition	Reference
1	3454.6 pg*min/mL	Comparable	DailyMed SPL 12.3 Pharmacokinetics label extraction · human	Route: subcutaneous · Glucagon· 12.3 Pharmacokinetics · auc of value · 12.3 Pharmacokinetics Absorption Subcuta...	Open

Cmax7 measurements · 7 comparable · 0 reported · 0 contextual

#	Value	Evidence layer	Assay / model	Condition	Reference
1	6130 pg/mL	Comparable	DailyMed SPL 12.3 Pharmacokinetics label extraction · human · plasma	Glucagon· 12.3 Pharmacokinetics · cmax single peak plasma level at around time · 12.3 Pha...	Open
2	6.9 ng/mL	Comparable	DailyMed SPL 12.3 Pharmacokinetics label extraction · human · plasma	Route: subcutaneous · Glucagon· 12.3 Pharmacokinetics · glucagon dual route cmax intramuscular · 12.3 Pharmacok...	Open
3	7.9 ng/mL	Comparable	DailyMed SPL 12.3 Pharmacokinetics label extraction · human · plasma	Route: subcutaneous · Glucagon· 12.3 Pharmacokinetics · glucagon dual route cmax subcutaneous · 12.3 Pharmacoki...	Open
4	2481.3 pg/mL	Comparable	DailyMed SPL 12.3 Pharmacokinetics label extraction · human	Route: subcutaneous · Glucagon· 12.3 Pharmacokinetics · cmax of value · 12.3 Pharmacokinetics Absorption Subcut...	Open
5	6.9 ng/mL	Comparable	PepTherDia curated product PK field	Route: IM · 18 · Glucagon · exact product name match · exact or normalized match	Open
6	7.9 ng/mL	Comparable	PepTherDia curated product PK field	Route: IV · 18 · Glucagon · exact product name match · exact or normalized match	Open
7	6130 pg/mL	Comparable	PepTherDia curated product PK field	Route: NASAL · 18 · Glucagon · exact product name match · exact or normalized match	Open

Tmax7 measurements · 7 comparable · 0 reported · 0 contextual

#	Value	Evidence layer	Assay / model	Condition	Reference
1	~ 15 minutes ~ 900 seconds	Comparable	DailyMed SPL 12.3 Pharmacokinetics label extraction · human · plasma	Glucagon· 12.3 Pharmacokinetics · tmax single peak plasma level at around time · 12.3 Pha...	Open
2	~ 13 minutes ~ 780 seconds	Comparable	DailyMed SPL 12.3 Pharmacokinetics label extraction · human · plasma	Route: subcutaneous · Glucagon· 12.3 Pharmacokinetics · glucagon dual route tmax intramuscular · 12.3 Pharmacok...	Open
3	~ 20 minutes ~ 1200 seconds	Comparable	DailyMed SPL 12.3 Pharmacokinetics label extraction · human · plasma	Route: subcutaneous · Glucagon· 12.3 Pharmacokinetics · glucagon dual route tmax subcutaneous · 12.3 Pharmacoki...	Open
4	50 minutes 3000 seconds	Comparable	DailyMed SPL 12.3 Pharmacokinetics label extraction · human	Route: subcutaneous · Glucagon· 12.3 Pharmacokinetics · tmax of value · 12.3 Pharmacokinetics Absorption Subcut...	Open
5	13 minutes 780 seconds	Comparable	PepTherDia curated product PK field	Route: IM · 18 · Glucagon · exact product name match · exact or normalized match	Open
6	20 minutes 1200 seconds	Comparable	PepTherDia curated product PK field	Route: IV · 18 · Glucagon · exact product name match · exact or normalized match	Open
7	15 minutes 900 seconds	Comparable	PepTherDia curated product PK field	Route: NASAL · 18 · Glucagon · exact product name match · exact or normalized match	Open

Plasma protein binding1 measurement · 0 comparable · 1 reported · 0 contextual

#	Value	Evidence layer	Assay / model	Condition	Reference
1	Observation No binding	Reported	PepTherDia curated product PK field · plasma protein	Route: IV, IM, SC, NASAL · 18 · Glucagon · exact product name match · exact or normalized match	Open

#	Value	Evidence layer	Assay / model	Condition	Reference
1	< 10 minutes < 600 seconds	Comparable	natural	in vivo	Open
2	3.96 ± 1.12 Minutes 237.6 seconds	Comparable	Two site ELISA · human · Human blood sample (All)	Route: IV · Dose/window: 0.65 ng/kg/min from 1100 (120 min) till the end of the study at 1400 (300 min) · Time: 1 day · Human blood protease (All) · In Vivo	Open
3	3.94 ± 1.10 Minutes 236.4 seconds	Comparable	Two site ELISA · human · Human female blood sample	Route: IV · Dose/window: 0.65 ng/kg/min from 1100 (120 min) till the end of the study at 1400 (300 min) · Time: 1 day · Human female blood protease · In Vivo	Open
4	4.01 ± 1.19 Minutes 240.6 seconds	Comparable	Two site ELISA · human · Human male blood sample	Route: IV · Dose/window: 0.65 ng/kg/min from 1100 (120 min) till the end of the study at 1400 (300 min) · Time: 1 day · Human male blood protease · In Vivo	Open

Glucagon

Peptide developability profile

1. Sequence & peptidoform

Sequence interpretation

2. Structure & chemistry

Structure and chemistry interpretation

3. Physicochemical profile

Computed descriptors

Computed developability descriptors

4. Product context

Translational product context

5. Exposure / Absorption

Evidence summary

6. Distribution / Barrier

Evidence summary

7. Metabolic & Proteolytic Stability

Evidence summary

8. Excretion / Persistence

Evidence summary

9. Evidence landscape

Evidence landscape and measurement index

10. Identity & reference map

Identity & reference map

11. Data access & reproducibility

Data access & reproducibility

Peptide record

Evidence table

Structured record

Open	Sequence match	experimental	100.0% identity
Open	Sequence match	experimental	100.0% identity
Open	Sequence match	experimental	100.0% identity
Open	Sequence match	experimental	100.0% identity
Open	Sequence match	experimental	100.0% identity
Open	Sequence match	experimental	100.0% identity
Open	Sequence match	experimental	100.0% identity
Open	Sequence match	experimental	100.0% identity
Open	Sequence match	experimental	100.0% identity
Open	Sequence match	experimental	100.0% identity
Open	Experimental structure match	experimental	29 aa